Résistances et intégration Opposition pacifique des Mapuches chiliens Législation spéciales, loi anti-terroriste réinstaurée, procès où les témoins sont à visages couverts, condamnation sans preuve à 10 ans de prison pour « incendie terroriste », harcèlement policier des familles… nous ne sommes pas au Chili durant les beaux jours de la dictature mais bel et bien en 2007. Hier, victimes des représailles de la junte dirigée par Pinochet, les membres de la Concertation, actuellement au pouvoir, dénonçaient la violation des droits de l’Homme. Aujourd’hui, ils utilisent son héritage arsenal militaro-judiciaire à l’encontre des communautés mapuches. Huit peuples autochtones sont présents sur le territoire chilien, dont 85 % sont des « gens de la terre », traduction littérale de « mapu-che » ; une importante minorité, dont l’habitat traditionnel est situé au sud du fleuve Bío Bío, une région que les conquistadores baptisèrent Araucanie lorsqu’ils y parvinrent. Malgré une farouche résistance face aux Espagnols puis aux colons chiliens, les Mapuches capitulent en 1883, après la « guerre de pacification ». C’est dans l’ombre qu’ils traversent le XXe siècle. Parqués, appauvris, ils cessent d’être un peuple autonome, indépendant et souverain pour devenir une minorité ethnique opprimée. Avec le retour de la démocratie, l’espoir qui renaît dans les communautés laisse vite place à un sentiment de trahison. Beaucoup migrent vers les « ceintures de misère » des villes, Temuco, Concepcion, mais surtout Santiago. L’heure de la reconquête sonne au début des années 1990, au cri : « Marichiweu ! » (Dix fois nous vaincrons !) Depuis une dizaine d’année, des organisations mapuches revendiquent des droits politiques et territoriaux, selon plusieurs stratégies mais toujours par voie pacifique. La réponse du pouvoir politique, sous la pression du modèle économique néolibéral, a été une criminalisation de leurs revendications : 400 personnes ont été poursuivies par la justice, une dizaine de dirigeants sont en prison, nombreux sont clandestins. La tragédie mapuche a été dénoncée dans des rapports de la FIHD (juin 2004), d’Amnesty International, de Human Rights mais reste occultée par la presse nationale et méconnue de la presse internationale. Alain Devalpo www.couleurmonde.com Eight native peoples live in Chile, of which 85% are “people of the land”, the literal translation of “ma-puche”. They traverse the 20th century in its shadows. Isolated and impoverished they have ceased to be an autonomous, independent people, and have become an oppressed ethnic minority. With the return of democracy, hope was reborn I these communities, which quickly gave way to a strong feeling of betrayal. Many migrant towards the “misery belts” of cities like Temuco and Concepcion, but especially to Santiago For the last decade or so, Mapuche organizations have been calling for territorial and political rights, using a variety of strategies, all of them peaceful. The Mapuche tragedy has bee denounced in reports from the FIHD (June 2004), Amnesty International, and Human Right Watch but is obscured by national media, and has not been reported by the international press
Stencilled graffitti of young Mapuche resistants.
JAF0108074x © Fred Jacquemot
Occupation of land in the village of Juan Segundo Marileo, in the Pocuno Valley (Canete region) by Mrs. Olguita and her son.
JAF0108075x © Fred Jacquemot
Luis Quilapi, peni (brother) of the village of Huape, near Canete in the Biobio region.
JAF0108076x © Fred Jacquemot
On the road to Tirua.
JAF0108077x © Fred Jacquemot
We Tripantu Festival (Mapuche New Year) on the occupied territory of Maquehue, in protest of the extension of the national airport of Temuco (built on Mapuche land).
JAF0108078x © Fred Jacquemot
The home of Lucrecia Huentemil in Mawidachi village.
JAF0108082x © Fred Jacquemot
Meeting of Mapuche leaders for the preparation of We Tripantu (Mapuche New Year).
JAF0108079 © Fred Jacquemot
The residence of young Mapuche who have come to study at the University of Temuco.
JAF0108083 © Fred Jacquemot
A young Mapuche man learning to juggle in a university residence in Temuco.
JAF0108084x © Fred Jacquemot
Young Mapuche preparing for We Tripantu (Mapuche New Year) at a university residence in Temuco.
JAF0108085x © Fred Jacquemot
Shaman preparing for the Guillatun (a traditional Mapuche ceremony).
JAF0108089x © Fred Jacquemot
We Tripantu Festival (Mapuche New Year) on the occupied territory of Maquehue, in protest of the extension of the national airport of Temuco (built on Mapuche land).
JAF0108086 © Fred Jacquemot
We Tripantu Festival (Mapuche New Year) on the occupied territory of Maquehue, in protest of the extension of the national airport of Temuco (built on Mapuche land).
JAF0108087x © Fred Jacquemot
The Réwé, a tree trunk sculpted in the form of a staircase pointing to the heavens, for the We Tripantu Festival (Mapuche New Year).
JAF0108088x © Fred Jacquemot
The sacrifice of a horse for the We Tripantu (Mapuche New Year).
JAF0108090x © Fred Jacquemot
We Tripantu Festival (Mapuche New Year) on the occupied territory of Maquehue, in protest of the extension of the national airport of Temuco (built on Mapuche land).
JAF0108092x © Fred Jacquemot
The Machi (Shaman) during the Guillatun (a traditional Mapuche ceremony).
JAF0108093x © Fred Jacquemot
We Tripantu Festival (Mapuche New Year) on the occupied territory of Maquehue, in protest of the extension of the national airport of Temuco (built on Mapuche land).
JAF0108096 © Fred Jacquemot
Meeting of Mapuche leaders for the preparation of We Tripantu (Mapuche New Year).
JAF0108081 © Fred Jacquemot
The Machi (shaman) during We Tripantu (Mapuche New Year) at a Mapuche hospital in the village of Maquehue.
JAF0108125 © Fred Jacquemot
Amalia Quilapi in her traditional crafts workshop in the village of Huape.
JAF0109835 © Fred Jacquemot
On Temuco Road.
JAF0108097x © Fred Jacquemot
On Temuco Road.
JAF0108098x © Fred Jacquemot
Mapuche land
JAF0108099x © Fred Jacquemot
At dawn on the road to Temuco.
JAF0108101x © Fred Jacquemot
The home of Lucrecia Huentemil, in the village of Mawidachi, near Temuco.
JAF0108104x © Fred Jacquemot
The Huenchullan family. The three brothers are leaders of the Temucuicui community who are illegal aliens in their own village, due to the repressive politics of the Chilean government.
JAF0108106 © Fred Jacquemot
A Mapuche man during a meeting between the leaders of several communities from the Maquehue region.
JAF0108123 © Fred Jacquemot
A Mapuche woman during a meeting between the leaders of several communities from the Maquehue region.
JAF0108124x © Fred Jacquemot
Mawidachi village
JAF0108126 © Fred Jacquemot
The deforestation of lands belonging to Mapuche families, sold by the Chilean government to Japanese companies for single- crop farming of eucalyptus trees.
JAF0108129x © Fred Jacquemot
The deforestation of lands belonging to Mapuche families, sold by the Chilean government to Japanese companies for single- crop farming of eucalyptus trees.
JAF0108131x © Fred Jacquemot
Near Temucuicui village.
JAF0108132 © Fred Jacquemot
Barrio (suburb) of Concepcion, Chile.
JAF0108128 © Fred Jacquemot
Nocturnal vision.
JAF0108134x © Fred Jacquemot
The Ruka (traditional meeting house) and the Réwé (traditional sculpture) during the We Tripantu (Mapuche New Year).
JAF0108135x © Fred Jacquemot