L’Amérique latine dans la tourmente (Argentine, Bolivie, Chili, Mexique, Pérou, Venezuela.) C’est le Chiapas qui a tout déclenché. Ce qui m’a intéressé dans ce mouvement initié le 1er janvier 1994, jour de la mise en place des accords de libre-échange de l’ALENA, c’est la prise d’arme des zapatistes pour s’emparer de certains points stratégiques. Après une dizaine de jours d’affrontements, ils ont engagé une autre forme de lutte contre leur gouvernement (via les nouveaux moyens de communication tels internet…), et déclenché ainsi le début d’une lutte contre l’avancée du néolibéralisme. Ce n’était pas une guérilla « classique », comme l’Amérique latine en a tant connu. La situation était totalement inédite. MEXIQUE En 98, après le massacre d’Acteal, qui fit 45 victimes dans la communauté des Indiens Tzotziles, j’ai eu envie d’aller sur place pour me rendre compte de cette réalité. Il m’a fallu trois ans pour faire un état des lieux du « réseau d’en bas » dans cette zone de conflit, et me trouver enfin en présence des dirigeants de l’Armée zapatiste de libération nationale. J’ai eu alors l’impression d’avoir documenté de quoi comprendre le mouvement zapatiste. Le Mexique, pays tampon entre les Etats-unis et le reste de l’Amérique latine est, en outre, le lieu exacerbé du fossé entre richesse et pauvreté. Cette caractéristique, très prégnante visuellement, m’a donné envie de rester sur place. C’était l’époque du sommet de Seattle. VENEZUELA Le coup d’Etat au Venezuela en avril 2002 m’a ensuite conduit dans ce pays. Je voulais comprendre la relation entre le président Hugo Chavez et son peuple, lequel, au lieu de sombrer dans une guerre civile, créait des cercles de pensée, s’organisait, prenait son sort en main et s’appropriait la révolution bolivarienne. Là encore, c’était inédit. ARGENTINE De là, je suis allé en Argentine suivre les mouvements d’ouvriers qui défrichaient de nouvelles formes d’autogestion, reprenaient à leur compte des usines et privilégiaient le partage égal des salaires. Dans la foulée, j’ai suivi le mouvement social des chômeurs et ses barrages routiers établis depuis des mois par des milliers de « piqueteros » réclamant le droit au travail. L’Argentine était en train de devenir le symbole de l’échec du modèle néo-libéral dont l’application allait avoir des conséquences humaines tragiques. BOLIVIE Quand je suis arrivé en Bolivie, le peuple bolivien majoritairement indigène utilise le pouvoir de la rue pour se faire entendre, et mettre en difficulté le gouvernement du président Carlos Mesa au sujet de la nationalisation des hydrocarbures. En juin 2005, après une vingtaine de jours de manifestations appelé la « Guerre du Gaz », le président Carlos Mesa fini par démissionner. Le pouvoir de la rue. En décembre 2005, Evo Morales leader du MAS et Cocaleros prend le pouvoir après des élections anticipées. Pour la première fois dans l’histoire de Bolivie, un indien accède au pouvoir... PEROU Cette série de portraits réalisée en collaboration avec les Droits de l'Homme, ce "Devoir de mémoire", nous rappelle les conséquences dramatiques des années de violence perpétrée par le Sentier Lumineux (plus de 26 000 morts, 4 000 disparus et 50 000 orphelins), et les dérives du gouvernement Fujimori. Le groupe "Les innocents libérés" se composent d'anciens prisonniers condamnés à tort pour terrorisme, tous libérés faute de preuves. Ils se battent encore aujourd'hui pour que justice soit faite. Le peuple péruvien s'organise et prend le même chemin de lutte contre l'impérialisme américain, comme tant d'autres en Amérique latine. CHILI Législation spéciales, loi anti-terroriste réinstaurée, procès où les témoins sont à visages couverts, condamnation sans preuve à 10 ans de prison pour « incendie terroriste », harcèlement policier des familles… nous ne sommes pas au Chili durant les beaux jours de la dictature mais bel et bien en 2007. Hier, victimes des représailles de la junte dirigée par Pinochet, les membres de la Concertation, actuellement au pouvoir, dénonçaient la violation des droits de l’Homme. Aujourd’hui, ils utilisent son héritage arsenal militaro-judiciaire à l’encontre des communautés mapuches. La tragédie mapuche a été dénoncée dans des rapports de la FIHD (juin 2004), d’Amnesty International, de Human Rights mais reste occultée par la presse nationale et méconnue de la presse internationale. Pour moi, le soulèvement zapatiste au Mexique, la révolution bolivarienne au Venezuela, le mouvement ouvrier et celui des « piqueteros » en Argentine, la « Guerre du Gaz » en Bolivie, « Les innocents libérés » au Pérou, les Mapuches au Chili, relèvent d’une même cohérence. C’est le réseau « d’en bas » qui invente de nouvelles formes d’intervention pour prendre en main son destin et défendre ses droits. Et si une nouvelle conscience politique populaire émergeait en Amérique latine ? « Qu’il s’agisse des Maliens à Paris, des ouvriers à Berlin, des aborigènes à Sydney ou des femmes à peu près partout dans le monde, chaque pays compte ses indiens du Chiapas, ses victimes du néo-libéralisme »YA BASTA ! (Communiqués du sous commandant Marcos) « Latin America in the Upheaval » To testify in the awakening of the people’s awareness in Latin America. Demonstrations in November 1999 in Seattle against the World Trade Organization made « globalization » a household word and inspired a generation to take to the streets in increasing numbers. Youth are taking the lead in the most significant challenge to corporate control of politics and the economy in a generation. Several events show that the mobilization against the barbarity of neoliberalism becomes more and more strong all around the world and specially in Latin America. In this continent, people want to take in hand their destiny and to understand how does corporate-centered globalization impact their lives, and what are the real links between the alphabet soup of globalizing institutions (WTO, IMF, NAFTA, FTAA, etc.) and local struggles around labor rights, police brutality, immigrant and ethnic minorities rights, the prison-industrial complex, welfare and civics rights, and many others… The first January of 1994, day of birth of the free trade area between Mexico, United states and Canada, the Zapatistas Army leading by Subcommandante Marcos rose up against mexican government, claiming «YA BASTA!», demanding recognition of the indian identity. In 1997, the massacre of Acteal, which made 45 victims in the community of the Tzotziles Indians, forced me to go in Chiapas to give an account of this reality. It took me three years to give a report of the "network of in bottom" in this zone of conflict, and to finally meet the leaders of the Army zapatist. In April 2002, there was a putsch in Venezuela leading by the employers associations supported by the private channels. Dozen of thousand people took the streets and surrounded the presidential palace. Without violence acts, they managed to obtain the return of Hugo Chavez temporarily remanded by the army. Finally these riots gave a boost to initiatives based on fair local development and joint worker-management control. In 2003, while a broad economic stagnation, the Argentinian working-class rebelled for more equity and social justice. They wanted to introduce new way of management in companies with a fair share of wages. The « Piqueteros » (association of unemployed) blocked up activities, streets and highways. In this country the last and only resort for many families (the “Cartoneros”) is often to resell salvaged materials like cardboard, scrap, papers. When I arrived to Bolivia, the riots of indigenous people finally put in difficulty the government of president Carlos Mesa about the nationalization of hydrocarbons. In June 2005, after a score of days of demonstrations called the "War of Gas", president Carlos Mesa ended up resigning. Perhaps the new elections, planned for December 2005, will carry Evo Morales, a «Cocaleros», to power. My work is based on these considerations. I want to catch the excitement, energy and show the feasibility of new modes of organizing. I crossed Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Venezuela to meet famous or anonymous people in their day-to-day fight. I work to bring back pictures like so many testimonies of these alternatives concerning the future of all of us.
Demonstration for the nationalisation of hydrocarbons, which led to President Carlos Mesa's resignation. La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040881x © Fred Jacquemot
Demonstration for the nationalisation of hydrocarbons, which led to the resignation of President Carlos Mesa. La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040884x © Fred Jacquemot
Road blockage by Bolivian miners.
JAF0040889x © Fred Jacquemot
Demonstration for the nationalisation of hydrocarbons, which led to the resignation of President Carlos Mesa. La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040891x © Fred Jacquemot
A miners' truck on the way to a funeral for one of their number. He died during one of the many demonstrations during the month of June. Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040888 © Fred Jacquemot
Demonstration for the nationalisation of hydrocarbons, which led to President Carlos Mesa's resignation. La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040920 © Fred Jacquemot
La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040919x © Fred Jacquemot
Evo Morales, President of Bolivia.
JAF0040910x © Fred Jacquemot
Presidents and senators of Bolivia. In the government palace, La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040911 © Fred Jacquemot
Occupation of the Law School by demonstrators from the Chapare Region. La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040899x © Fred Jacquemot
Transfer of a prisoner. San Pedro Prison, La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040907x © Fred Jacquemot
San Pedro Prison, La Paz, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040909x © Fred Jacquemot
"Sick of racism". Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040927x © Fred Jacquemot
Félix Cuicapusa Martel was imprisoned for terrorist acts in the Castro Castro high security prison in Lima from 03/10/1991 until 17/08/1995. He was tortured and humiliated there. They released him for lack of evidence.
JAF0069819 © Fred Jacquemot
Oscar Carlos Paitan P was imprisoned for terrorist acts in the Castro Castro high security prison in Lima, from 28/04/1991 until 04/10/1996. He was tortured and humiliated there. They released him for lack of evidence.
JAF0069822 © Fred Jacquemot
Maria Cecilia Malpartida Cajas was imprisoned for terrorist acts in the San Marco prison in Huanuco and the Huamancac Prison in Huancayo from 01/10/1992 until 28/07/1997. She survived torture, electrical burns, the plunging of her head under water, Coca Cola up the nose, rape attempts... She was also told that she has AIDS and was hit and fractured. Threats of rape with the handle of a hammer. They released her for lack of evidence.
JAF0069818 © Fred Jacquemot
Cirila Ramos Hancco was imprisoned in the San Sebastian Prison and the Yana Mayo Prison in Puno, and the Chorillos Prison in Lima from 1992 to Dec 1996. "There are so many innocent people in prison. So many people like me who were put away. They all say they know nothing about it. They rape the women and young girls..." She was freed for lack of evidence.
JAF0069820 © Fred Jacquemot
Gladys Canales Martinez was imprisoned for terrorist acts at the Chorillos high security prison in Lima from 24/10/1993 until May 2001. "Twenty-five people with balaclavas came in at 4 am, with a girl whose face was covered. They forced her to designate me. It was at the time of repentance. I was tortured, and presented before the judges with my face covered, where I was accused of being the leader of a group of 7 people, a military and political comandante. The sentence lasted 20 years, 12 for the others, including the repentant one. My life goals were ruined, my family disintegrated..." She was released for lack of evidence.
JAF0069823 © Fred Jacquemot
Raida Condon Fils Armando Richard Amaro C was tortured and assassinated at the age of 25 after a military intervention at the National University of Education, that became known as 'The Cantuta Massacre' (18/07/1992). "... 7 male students, 2 female students and a teacher were abducted at around 1 am by a death squad (the 'Colina' group which was trained in 1990, during Fujimori's government, and who has been the author of a series of human rights violations: forced disappearances, extra-judiciary executions of students, peasants and journalists.) First they were assassinated and buried, then they were moved, to be burnt and buried again... We are not seeking vengeance, only justice, so that these acts will not go unpunished."
JAF0069830 © Fred Jacquemot
Occupation of a plot of land. Altiplano, Bolivia, 2005.
JAF0040930x © Fred Jacquemot
Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014770x © Fred Jacquemot
Pro-Chavez demonstration where several hundreds of thousands of advocates came to support their president, Hugo Chavez. Caracas, Venezueal, 2002.
JAF0014771x © Fred Jacquemot
Military police. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014772x © Fred Jacquemot
Caracas. Venezuela/ 2002.
JAF0014773 © Fred Jacquemot
Illegal occupation of a historic building. Place Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014776x © Fred Jacquemot
Anti-narcotics check by the metropolitan police in Caracas. Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014778x © Fred Jacquemot
The CNE (Consejo Nacional Electoral or National Electoral Council), during the presentation of the signatures collected by the opposition, requesting a referendum and an advanced election date. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014779x © Fred Jacquemot
Dispersion of protesters in front of the CNE (Consejo Nacional Electoral or National Electoral Council), during the presentation of the signatures collected by the opposition, requesting a referendum and an advanced election date. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014780x © Fred Jacquemot
Protest in front of the Supreme Court, demanding that the victims of the coup d'etat of April 11th 2002 be recognised. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014781x © Fred Jacquemot
Clashes between the metropolitan police and their striking colleagues supported by part of the Venezuelan population. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014783x © Fred Jacquemot
Clashes between the metropolitan police and their striking colleagues supported by part of the Venezuelan population. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014784x © Fred Jacquemot
Clashes between the metropolitan police and their striking colleagues supported by part of the Venezuelan population. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014785x © Fred Jacquemot
Edwin Flores, 23, is one of the victims of the clashes with the metropolitan police. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014787 © Fred Jacquemot
Clashes between the metropolitan police and their striking colleagues supported by part of the Venezuelan population. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014788x © Fred Jacquemot
The poor district of '23 de Enero'. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014790x © Fred Jacquemot
President Hugo Chavez
JAF0014791x © Fred Jacquemot
Colombian refugees. The poor suburb of Isaias Medina. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014792x © Fred Jacquemot
The funeral of Edwin Flores, a victim of clashes with the metropolitan police. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014793x © Fred Jacquemot
'Los motorizados', groups of President Hugo Chavez's supporters, carry messages and provide transport for the wounded during the protests. Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014794x © Fred Jacquemot
"Viva la revolucion". Caracas, Venezuela, 2002.
JAF0014795 © Fred Jacquemot